Impacto de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19) en el tratamiento de una lesión duodenal por arma de fuego / Impact of SARS-CoV-2 infection (COVID-19) in the treatment of duodenal gunshot injury

RESUMEN Se presenta el caso clínico de un paciente con traumatismo abdominal por herida de arma de fuego (HAF). En otra institución se realizó cirugía de exclusión pilórica y hepatorrafia por lesión hepatoduo denal. Fue derivado a nuestra institución a las 12 horas posoperatorias. Intercurre en el posoperatorio con neumonía grave por COVID-19 y complicaciones de su cirugía ini cial. La presentación severa de la enfermedad nos inclina por el manejo no operatorio. La utilización de drenajes percutáneos permitió el manejo de colecciones evitando una cirugía mayor inicial. La recuperación pulmonar facilitó la cirugía definitiva. La neumonía severa por COVID-19 en un paciente con lesión duodenal grave por HAF condiciona la toma de decisiones.

ABSTRACT We report the case of a patient with an abdominal gunshot trauma with liver and duodenal injury who underwent pyloric exclusion and liver repair in another institution. The patient was transferred to our institution 12 hours after surgery. During hospitalization, severe pneumonia due to COVID-19 and complications of the initial surgery developed. Non-surgical management was decided due to the severity of the disease. Percutaneous drainage allowed for the management of the collections avoiding a major initial surgery. Once he recovered from the pneumonia, the definite surgery was performed. Severe COVID-19 pneumonia in a patient with serious duodenal shotgun injury is a determining factor for decision-making of treatment options.

Trauma abdominal contuso por golpe con manubrio de bicicleta: evaluación y tratamiento / Blunt abdominal trauma due to handlebar injury

INTRODUCCIÓN: Los accidentes en bicicleta son una causa frecuente de trauma abdominal contuso en pediatría. En Chile no existen publicaciones científicas que traten sobre las lesiones abdominales por manubrio de bicicleta, su presentación y manejo. OBJETIVO: Describir tres casos clínicos de trauma abdominal contuso provocados por manubrio de bicicleta en niños, ilustrar las distintas lesiones observadas, sus formas de presentación y manejo. CASOS CLÍNICOS: 1) Paciente masculino, 11 años, consulta tras golpe con manubrio de bicicleta en epigastrio; en la Tomografía Computada (TC) de abdomen y pelvis se describió neumoretroperitoneo. Se realizó laparotomía exploradora, reparándose una perforación duodenal. 2) Paciente masculino, 14 años, consulta tras golpe en el hipocondrio izquierdo con el manubrio de la bicicleta; en la TC se evidenció fractura esplénica con múltiples laceraciones. Por la presencia de sangrado activo se trató con angioembolización, lográndose resolución de la lesión y viabilidad del órgano luego de 6 semanas de seguimiento. 3) Paciente masculino, 9 años, ingresó tras sufrir golpe con manubrio de bicicleta en el hipocondrio derecho. En TC se observó una laceración hepática, que fue manejada de forma expectante, con resolución de la lesión luego de 8 semanas de seguimiento. Todos los pacientes tuvieron una evolución favorable. CONCLUSIÓN: El trauma abdominal contuso por golpe con manubrio de bicicleta puede ser potencialmente grave en pacientes pediátricos, pudiendo afectar órganos sólidos y vísceras huecas. El manejo no quirúrgico cada vez es más utilizado, logrando altas tasas de éxito en pacientes estables. Los pacientes inestables o en los que se sospeche perforación de víscera hueca, requerirán cirugía como primera aproximación.

INTRODUCTION: Bicycle accidents are a frequent cause of blunt abdominal trauma in children. In Chile, there are no scientific articles about such accidents, their presentation and management. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to describe three cases of blunt abdominal trauma due to handlebar injury in children, in order to illustrate the different kinds of lesions, their presentation, and management. CLINICAL CASES: 1) 11-year-old boy presented to Emergency Department (ED) after falling on a bi cycle handlebar, hitting his epigastric region. A CT scan showed signs of duodenal perforation. A la parotomy was performed and the duodenal perforation repaired. 2) 14-year-old boy seen at ED after a bicycle accident in which the handlebar hit him in the abdomen area. A CT scan showed a splenic injury with multiple lacerations and active bleeding that was treated with angioembolization. After 6 weeks of follow-up, he presented resolution of the lesion and viability of the spleen. 3) 9-year-old boy admitted due to a hit with the bicycle handlebar on the abdomen area. A CT scan showed a he patic injury that was managed with non-surgical procedures, achieving resolution of the lesion after 8 weeks of follow-up. CONCLUSION: Blunt abdominal trauma caused by handlebar can be potentially serious in pediatric patients, since it may affect solid and hollow abdominal viscera. Non-surgical ma nagement is becoming more used for stable patients, achieving high success rates. Unstable patients or those with suspicion of hollow viscera perforation will require surgery as first approach.

Selective conservative treatment for anterior abdominal gunshot: a literature narrative review / Tratamento seletivo não operatório para ferimentos penetrantes por projéteis de arma de fogo na parede anterior do abdome: revisão narrativa da literatura

ABSTRACT The nonoperative treatment of anterior abdominal gunshot wounds remains controversial. This article presents a narrative review of the literature after the selection of studies in electronic databases (PubMed, Cochrane Library and Lilacs), with the intention of evaluating the clinical and diagnostic tools that should be part of conservative selective approach of these lesions. It was observed that a nonoperative selective treatment can be effectively and safely used, when performed by a trained interdisciplinary team, working in adequate trauma centers. The selective nonoperative treatment is associated with a decrease in negative and nontherapeutic laparotomies, reducing the incidence of complications. It also contributes to the reduction of hospital costs.

RESUMO O tratamento não operatório de ferimentos abdominais causados por projéteis de armas de fogo ocorridos na região anterior do abdome permanece controverso. Este artigo apresenta revisão narrativa da literatura após a seleção de estudos levantados em bancos de dados eletrônicos (PubMed, Cochrane Library e Lilacs), com a intenção de avaliar os parâmetros clínicos e exames de diagnóstico que deverão fazer parte do da abordagem conservadora seletiva dessas lesões. Avaliando os estudos selecionados, foi verificado que conduta não operatória seletiva pode ser empregada de forma eficaz e segura, quando realizada por equipe interdisciplinar treinada, atuando em Centros de Traumas adequados para a realização deste tipo de atendimento. O tratamento não operatório seletivo está associado à diminuição de laparotomias negativas e não terapêuticas, reduzindo a incidência de complicações, além de colaborar para a diminuição dos custos hospitalares.

Serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 are associated with the prognosis of patients with severe blunt abdominal trauma

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the relationship between the serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 and the prognosis of patients with severe blunt abdominal trauma. METHODS: In total, 299 patients were included in the current study from July 2014 to December 2015. All patients were divided into the mild/moderate blunt abdominal trauma group and the severe blunt abdominal trauma group according to their injury severity scores. Serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were measured upon admission (0 h) and at 12 h, 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 7 days after admission. RESULTS: Compared with the healthy controls, both the mild/moderate and severe blunt abdominal trauma groups had higher serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 at admission. At all points, the serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were significantly higher in the severe group than in the mild/moderate group. The serum levels of both NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were significantly higher in the deceased patients than in the living patients. The Kaplan-Meier curve showed that compared with patients with higher levels of NLRP3 or HMGB-1, those with lower levels had longer survival times. The serum levels of both NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were independent risk factors for 6-month mortality in severe blunt abdominal trauma patients. CONCLUSION: The serum levels of NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were significantly elevated in severe blunt abdominal trauma patients, and the serum levels of both NLRP3 and HMGB-1 were correlated with 6-month mortality in severe blunt abdominal trauma patients.

Tratamiento mínimamente invasivo de una lesión de la vía biliar secundaria a un traumatismo abdominal cerrado: Caso clínico / Minimally invasive treatment of biliary tract injury secondary to closed abdominal trauma: Clinical case

Las lesiones hepáticas y de las vías biliares por causa traumática son poco usuales en la edad pediátrica. Del total de pacientes con trauma abdominal cerrado, menos del 9 % presentan lesión hepática, y la frecuencia varía entre el 2 % y el 3 % de la lesión de las vías biliares. Actualmente, el tratamiento recomendado para el trauma abdominal cerrado con lesión hepática sin repercusión hemodinámica es conservador; en caso de presentar lesión de la vía biliar intra- o extrahepática, los abordajes de preferencia son mínimamente invasivos, como la cirugía percutánea o endoscópica, y se utiliza la laparotomía en casos seleccionados. Se presenta el caso de un paciente con trauma abdominal cerrado y trauma hepático, inicialmente laparotomizado en 2 ocasiones por inestabilidad hemodinámica y hemoperitoneo; presentó un bilioma subdiafragmático y coleperitoneo, en el que se realizó un manejo mínimamente invasivo por drenaje percutáneo bajo control tomográfico.

Hepatic and biliary tract injuries due to traumatic causes are rare in pediatric patients. Of the total number of patients with closed abdominal trauma, less than 9 % have liver injury, and the frequency varies between 2 and 3 % of biliary tract lesions. Currently, the recommended treatment for closed abdominal trauma with liver injury without hemodynamic repercussion is conservative. In case of presenting intra or extrahepatic biliary tract lesion, the preferred approaches are minimally invasive, such as percutaneous or endoscopic surgery, using laparotomy in selected cases. We present the case of a patient with closed abdominal trauma and liver trauma, initially laparotomized on 2 occasions due to hemodynamic instability and hemoperitoneum; presented a subdiaphragmatic and coleperitoneal bilioma; it was performed minimally invasive percutaneous drainage under tomographic control.

Tratamiento no operatorio en traumatismo cerrado de abdomen en el Hospital Municipal Dr. Leónidas Lucero: nuestra experiencia / Nonoperative treatment of blunt abdominal trauma at the Municipal Hospital Dr. Leonidas Lucero

Antecedentes: existe una tendencia creciente hacia el tratamiento no operatorio (TNO) en el trauma-tismo cerrado de abdomen (TCA), en pacientes estables hemodinámicamente, sin abdomen agudo peritoneal. No hay consenso sobre: momento de inicio de la dieta, deambulación, proflaxis anttrom-bótica, seguimiento y control, y reinicio de la actividad fisica. Objetivo: describir los resultados del manejo de pacientes con TCA, admitidos en nuestro Servicio de Cirugía. Material y métodos: incluimos pacientes mayores de 15 años internados desde enero de 2011 hasta septembre de 2014, con TCA sometidos a TNO. Se recabaron las variables analizadas de una base de datos electrónica de fichaje prospectivo. Resultados: del total de pacientes 31 TCA, 15 se intervinieron quirúrgicamente al ingreso y 16 pacientes se someteron a TNO. El 73,3% presentó lesiones asociadas extraabdominales. A todos se les realizó ecografa abdominal, donde se encontró líquido libre en el 80% y se identificó lesión de órgano sólido en el 60%. En 11 pacientes se realizó TC confrmando lesión objetivada en la ecografa e iden-tificando 3 no evidenciadas previamente. Se diagnosticaron 5 traumatismos hepáticos, 2 asociados a traumatismo renal; 6 traumatismos esplénicos, 4 renales y un paciente con hemoperitoneo. En 7 pacientes se utlizó tromboproflaxis. El TNO fue exitoso en todos los casos. Tres pacientes presentaron complicaciones. No se registró mortalidad. Conclusiones: los pacientes sometidos a TNO en nuestro hospital fueron tratados exitosamente en todos los casos. No se registró mortalidad en la serie analizada.

Background: there is a growing trend towards non-operative management (NOM) in the blunt abdominal trauma (BAT) in hemodynamically stable patentis without peritoneal acute abdomen. However, there is stll no consensus on: tme of onset of diet, ambulaton, antthrombotic prophylaxis, follow-up, and resumpton of physical activity. Objective: to describe the management of patentis with BAT, admited to the Department of Surgery of our insttuton. Material and methods: we included patentis age 15 and older admited from January 2011 to Sept-ember 2014, with BAT who underwent NOM. The variables analyzed were collected from an electronic database of prospective signing. Resultis: 31 TCA were identifed, 15 were operated on at admission and 16 patentis underwent NOM. 75% were men; mean age of 29 (range 18-58). In 100% abdominal ultrasound was performed, finding free fuid in 80% and identifying organ damage in 60% of the total. In 11 patentis CT scan was perfor-med confrming identifed organ injury on ultrasound and diagnosing three not evidenced previously. We included 5 patentis with liver trauma, 2 associated renal trauma; 6 splenic trauma; 4 kidney trauma and 1 patent with hemoperitoneum. Thromboprophylaxis was used in 7 patentis. NOM was successful in all cases. Three patentis presented complicatons, not associated with trauma. No mortality was recorded. Conclusions: patentis undergoing NOT in our hospital were successfully treated in all cases. There were no complicatons associated with management of the NOT. No mortality was recorded.

El empalamiento inguinal como reto diagnóstico y terapéutico para el médico y cirujano de urgencias / Inguinal impalement; diagnostic and therapeutic challenge for emergency medical and surgeon

Introducción: el objetivo de este trabajo es presentar un caso de empalamiento a través de la región inguinal. Las heridas por empalamiento son infrecuentes y, en ocasiones, de extrema gravedad, necesitan de una actuación rápida del personal médico de urgencias y del cirujano. Caso clínico: se presenta el caso de un varón de 40 años que sufrió un accidente laboral con empalamiento de un hierro de ferralla a través de la región inguinal derecha, el cuerpo extraño penetró en la cavidad abdominal. Se expone ampliamente el caso clínico, así como los procedimientos realizados en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de este tipo de lesiones. Conclusiones: las heridas por empalamiento son infrecuentes y suponen un reto para el personal médico que atiende al afectado desde el primer momento, tanto por lo complejas que pueden ser, como por la necesidad de una actuación rápida, sin poder conocer a priori, en muchas de las situaciones, la extensión verdadera de las lesiones, que se evidenciará durante el posible acto operatorio(AU)

Introduction: the objective of this paper was to present a case of impalement through the inguinal region. The impalement injuries are infrequent and sometimes extremely serious. These injuries require prompt action of the emergency medical personnel and surgeon. Clinical case: a forty-year old man, who had an occupational accident resulting in impalement of an iron rebar through the right inguinal region and penetrating abdominal cavity. The clinical case and the procedures performed in the diagnosis and treatment of these injuries were presented in detail. Conclusions: The impalement injuries are rare and represent a challenge to the medical staff that treat the patient from the very beginning, because they can be very complex and require fast action and treatment. In many cases, the real dimension and severity of lesions at first is unknown and can only be assessed during surgery(AU)

A case study involving a blunt abdominal trauma leading to disruption of the aortic bifurcation in an infant / Estudo de caso de trauma abdominal contuso levando à ruptura da bifurcação aórtica em criança

The incidence of aortic disruption secondary to blunt abdominal trauma is rarely reported in the pediatric population. In general, most of the cases described are the result of motor vehicle accidents. We report on the treatment and outcomes of a 5-year-old child with aortic bifurcation disruption secondary to an unusual case of blunt abdominal trauma who was admitted to the emergency room in hypovolemic shock and subjected to immediate exploratory laparotomy and vascular repair. The mechanical forces involved in aortic disruption and the management options for repair and treatment of this injury will be discussed...

A incidência de ruptura aórtica secundária a um trauma abdominal contuso é uma condição extremamente rara e pouco relatada na população pediátrica. Em geral, a maioria dos casos descritos é devida a acidentes automobilísticos. Descrevemos o caso de uma criança de cinco anos de idade, vítima de trauma abdominal contuso de etiologia incomum, a qual foi admitida em sala de emergência em choque hipovolêmico e submetida a laparotomia exploradora, com o reparo de uma laceração da bifurcação aórtica. Serão discutidas as forças mecânicas envolvidas e as opções de tratamento para esse tipo de lesão...

Tratamento não operatório do trauma de baço grave / Selective nonoperative management of high grade splenic trauma

A reunião de revista "Telemedicina baseada em evidências - Cirurgia do Trauma e Emergência" (TBE-CiTE) realizou uma revisão crítica da literatura e selecionou três artigos atuais sobre o tratamento do trauma de baço. O foco foi em lesão de baço grave, definida pela American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) como graus III a V. O primeiro artigo foi uma atualização do protocolo de 2003 da Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) para o tratamento não operatório de trauma do baço. O segundo artigo foi apresentado na plenária de 2012 da AAST avaliando o papel do extravasamento de contraste na tomografia computadorizada em pacientes com lesão grave de baço (AAST IV-V). O último artigo é europeu e investigou o efeito da angioembolização da artéria esplênica na função do baço após lesão esplênica grave (AAST III-V). A reunião de revista TBE-CiTE elaborou conclusões e recomendações para o tratamento de lesão grave do baço.

The "Evidence-based Telemedicine - Trauma & Acute Care Surgery" (EBT-TACS) Journal Club performed a critical review of the literature and selected three up-to-date articles on the management of splenic trauma. Our focus was on high-grade splenic injuries, defined as AAST injury grade III-V. The first paper was an update of the 2003 Eastern Association for the Surgery of Trauma (EAST) practice management guidelines for nonoperative management of injury to the spleen. The second paper was an American Association for the Surgery of Trauma (AAST) 2012 plenary paper evaluating the predictive role of contrast blush on CT scan in AAST grade IV and V splenic injuries. Our last article was from Europe and investigates the effects of angioembolization of splenic artery on splenic function after high-grade splenic trauma (AAST grade III-V). The EBT-TACS Journal Club elaborated conclusions and recommendations for the management of high-grade splenic trauma.

Tratamento não operatório do ferimento por arma de fogo na região toracoabdominal direita / Non operative management of gunshot wounds on the right thoracoabdomen

OBJETIVO: Analisar os resultados obtidos com a introdução do protocolo de tratamento não operatório (TNO) dos ferimentos por arma de fogo (PAF) na transição toracoabdominal direita. MÉTODOS: Estudo prospectivo com dados levantados no período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2011, tendo como critérios de inclusão: PAF localizado na região toracoabdominal direita, estabilidade hemodinâmica, ausência de sinais de irritação peritonial e realização de tomografia computadorizada. RESULTADOS: No estudo 115 pacientes preencheram os critérios de inclusão. A maioria dos pacientes (95,6%) era do sexo masculino. A média das idades foi 25,8 anos. A média dos índices de trauma: RTS 7,7; ISS 14,8; e TRISS 97%. A maioria dos pacientes era portadora de ferimentos toracoabdominais (62,6%) e 43 pacientes (37,4%), ferimentos abdominais. A lesão hepática ocorreu em 109 pacientes (94,8%) e a renal em 28 pacientes (24,4%). Hemotórax e lesão concomitante abdominal foram verificados em 72 pacientes (62,6%). As lesões associadas foram encontradas em 19 (16,5%) pacientes e as complicações, em 12 (10,5%). A falha do TNO aconteceu em quatro pacientes (3,5%). Nesta série, dois pacientes (1,7%) morreram, ambos devido a trauma cranioencefálico. A permanência hospitalar média foi 9,4 dias. Sessenta e sete pacientes (58,3%) compareceram no controle com dois meses de trauma. A tomografia de abdome mostrou lesão cicatrizada em 58 pacientes (86,5%). CONCLUSÃO: A opção por TNO do PAF na região toracoabdominal direita deve ser vista com cautela e empregada em casos selecionados através de protocolos bem fundamentados e em locais com toda infraestrutura necessária.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the results after the implementation of the non-operative management (NOM) of the right upper thoracoabdominal gunshot injuries protocol. METHODS: Prospective study. From January 2005 to December 2011, 115 patients were included into this study. Criteria for inclusion were gunshot wound to the right thoracoabdominal region, haemodynamic stability, no signs of peritonitis, and realized CT scan. The data collected were analysed by the software EXCEL. RESULTS: Among the 115 patients included in our study, the mean age was 25.8 years old (range, 14-78 years old), of whom 95.6% were male, 62.6% had thoracoabdominal injuries and 37.4% had exclusively abdominal injuries. The averages of trauma scores were RTS 7.7, ISS 14.8 and TRISS 97%. One hundred and nine patients (94.8%) had liver injury, 72 (62.6%) had diaphragm and lung injury, 28 (24.4%) had renal injury. Complications were present in 12 (10.5%) patients, 7 of these related to the thorax. The NOM failure happened in 4 (3.5%) patients, 2 of them due to bile peritonitis, 1 related to bleeding and 1 the laparotomy was unnecessary. The mean hospital stay was 9.4 days. There were 2 deaths due to associated gunshot brain injury. Sixty seven patients (58.3%) were presented in the follow-up after 2 months of trauma. The CT scan showed injury scar in 58 patients (86.5%). CONCLUSION: NOM of the penetrating right thoracoabdominal injuries must be seen with caution. The NOM of right thoracoabdominal gunshot injuries is safe only in selected cases, followed by well-defined protocols and when performed in places that have adequate infrastructure.

Resultados del tratamiento quirúrgico en un traumatismo pancreaticoduodenal / Results of the surgical treatment in a pancreaticoduodenal trauma

Introducción: la ruptura del páncreas y el duodeno es un evento poco común, cuyas cifras oscilan entre el 2 y el 4 por ciento de los traumatismos abdominales. La mayoría ocurre en heridas abdominales penetrantes y en traumatismos compresivos en accidentes de tránsito. Métodos: se presenta una serie de 19 pacientes operados por traumatismo pancreaticoduodenal, en 5 hospitales clinicoquirúrgicos de Ciudad de La Habana, desde 2008 a 2010. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo, mediante el uso de encuestas diseñadas a tal efecto, aplicadas a los cirujanos actuantes en el período estudiado. Resultados: el 63 por ciento de los pacientes fueron por traumatismos cerrados, con predominio de accidentes de tránsito, la mayoría clasificados como grado I (15 pacientes), y 2 pacientes como grado II. Ambos grupos acumularon el 90 por ciento de las lesiones. El procedimiento quirúrgico más frecuentemente empleado fue la pancreatectomía distal con esplenectomía. Se complicaron 8 pacientes (42 por ciento), y la más frecuente fue la fístula pancreática externa en 4 pacientes, seguida por la peritonitis en 2; fallecieron 3 (15 por ciento), distribuidos de la manera siguiente: de 13 pacientes clasificados como grado I, falleció 1 (7 por ciento), y 2 pacientes clasificados como grado III (100 por ciento). Conclusiones: para obtener resultados favorables en este tipo de paciente es necesaria una clasificación acertada según la localización y severidad de las lesiones, así como una adecuada selección del procedimiento quirúrgico(AU)

Introduction: rupture of pancreas and duodenum is a uncommon event, whose figures fluctuate between the 2 and the 4 percent of the abdominal traumata. Most occur in penetrating abdominal wounds and in compressive traumata in road accidents. Methods: a total of 19 patients were operated on due to a pancreaticoduodenal trauma in five clinical surgical hospitals of Ciudad de La Habana from 2008 to 2010. A retrospective study was conducted using the surveys designed to that end, applied to acting surgeons during the study period. Results: the 63 percent of patients had closed traumata with predominance of road accidents, most qualified as grade I (15 patients) and two patients as grade III. Both groups accounted for the 90 percent of injuries. The more frequent surgical procedure used was the distal pancreatectomy with splenectomy. Eight patients had complications (42 percent) where the most frequent one was the external pancreatic fistula in 4 patients, followed by peritonitis in two patients; three dyed (15 percent), distributed as follow: from13 patients classified as degree I, one dyed (7 percent) and two patients classified as degree III (100 percent). Conclusions: to obtain favorable results in this type of patient, it is necessary an appropriate classification according to location and severity of the injuries, as well as a proper selection of the surgical procedure(AU)

Trauma de abdomen / Abdominal trauma

El trauma abdominal representa un gran desafío para el cirujano que trabaja en los Servicios de Urgencia. El objetivo de este artículo es discutir los mecanismos de producción, así como los diferentes métodos diagnósticos que nos ayuden a tomar la mejor decisión terapéutica. Didácticamente se separa el estudio según el mecanismo de producción del trauma, ya que su utilidad es variable. Posteriormente se esboza el tratamiento y se entrega un algoritmo para facilitar decisiones.

Abdominal trauma is a major challenge for surgeons working in emergency services. The aim of this paper is to discuss the mechanisms of production and the different diagnostic methods to help us make the best therapeutic decision. Therefore for better assessment, the study is divided according to the mechanism that produces the trauma, since its usefulness is variable. Later, the treatment is planned and an algorithm is given to facilitate the decisions.

Notes: apendicectomías transvaginales hibridas en humanos con instrumentos laparoscópicos convencionales: descripción de la técnica quirúrgica / Notes: hybrid transvaginal apendicectomy on humans with regulars laparoscopics instrument: surgical technique description

La apendicectomía es la intervención quirúrgica abdominal, más comunmente practicada, actualmente la apendicectomía laparoscópica constituye la modalidad terapéutica ideal, en la búsqueda de técnicas quirúrgicas menos invasivas, se propone la realización de apendicectomía por orificios naturales, siendo la vía transvaginal el acceso para el desarrollo del procedimiento. En la presente investigación se expone y describe la técnica quirúrgica NOTES: apendicectomía hibrida transvaginal con instrumentos laparoscópicos convencionales. El acceso transvaginal parece ser factible y seguro con instrumental laparoscópico convencional, para la realización de apendicectomías en cuadros clínicos no complicados. Es indispensable el entrenamiento en cirugía laparoscópica convencional. La triangulación laparoscópica desaparece, lo que dificulta la maniobrabilidad. No es necesario el uso de trócares para acceder a la cavidad abdominal.

The apendicectomy is the most common surgical procedure practice. Laparoscopic apendicectomy it is the gold standard. Searching for less invasive procedure it is propose the transvaginal apendicectomy for selected cases. The investigation describes the technique of NOTES: hybrid transvaginal apendicectomy, using regular laparoscopics instruments. The transvaginal access it is feasible way to perform the apendicectomy. It is essential to be trained on advance laparoscopic technique. The triangulation trough transvaginal way is lost. It is not necessary to use throcars to access trough transvaginal way.

VAC artesanal: una técnica para el manejo de fístulas complejas con abdomen abierto: reporte de 2 casos / Hand made VAC: a technique used in the handling of complex fistulas with open abdomen: 2 cases report

Las fístulas gastrointestinales asociadas con abdomen abierto posterior a trauma o cirugía abdominal mayor son una complicación grave. El manejo es extremadamente dífícil y la mortalidad bastante alta a pesar de los modernos avances médicos. Aquellos pacientes que sobreviven al daño metabólico y fisiopatológico inicial requieren en su mayoría cierre quirúrgico de la fístula lo cual es técnicamente complejo y pobremente descrito en la literatura. Presentar una técnica efectiva para controlar la contaminación de la pared abdominal y el drenaje de las fístulas en pacientes con abdomen abierto. Se describen dos casos de pacientes con fístulas complejas de alto gasto y abdomen abierto quienes recibieron soporte nutricional y manejo con VAC artesanal. La literatura internacional describe el uso del cierre asistido por vacío (VAC) en el manejo de fístulas en pacientes con abdomen abierto. Se instauró un sistema de VAC "artesanal" utilizando una bomba de aspiración Medi-Pump modelo 1130, gasa vaselinada y/o goma espuma estéril y tubo de tórax 32. Para lograr el vacío se cubrió el abdomen con "envoplast". Ambos pacientes evolucionaron favorablemente, se logró recuperar el estado nutricional, controlar la infección, el gasto de la fístula y mejorar notablemente las condiciones locales. En uno de los casos se logró el cierre espontáneo de la fístula y el otro fue intervenido realizándose cierre quirúrgico. El cierre asistido por vacío artesanal y el manejo nutricional adecuado permite la mejoría en pacientes con fístulas complejas logrando las condiciones adecuadas para el cierre definitivo.

Lavage Drain Extension for Local Anaesthetic Instillation into Abdominal Wounds

BACKGROUND. A new device made by ThebeMedicare allows efficient local anaesthetic washout of wound areas; by utilising an attachment to an existing drain. The aim of this trial was to explore 'proof of concept' in patients undergoing abdominoplasty procedures. PATIENTS AND METHODS. Thirty-one patients who had undergone abdominoplasty procedures were selected for instillation of a local anaesthetic preparation; ropivacaine (Naropin; AstraZeneca) into the wound site on day 1 and 2 after surgery; followed by early mobilisation. Efficacy of the system; patient comfort and mobilisation were documented. RESULTS. The abdominoplasty patients experienced no discomfort from the procedure and claimed effective relief of pain for an average of 12 hours following instillation of local anaesthetic. All mobilised effectively. The device worked well; with no technical problems. CONCLUSION. The lavage drain extension has proved to be a cost-effective and efficient way of providing postoperative pain control and promoting early mobilisation in this patient group

Diagnosis and treatment of 42 cases of multiple injuries with pancreatic injury / 华中科技大学学报（医学）（英德文版）

In order to summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment methods for 42 cases of multiple injuries with pancreatic injury, a retrospective analysis on 42 cases of multiple injuries with pancreatic injury from January 1990 to January 2006 was carried out in our hospital. Most cases were associated with hemopneumothorax and rib fractures (52.3%), shock (50%), multiple fractures (47.6%), and severe brain injury (26.1%). In 42 cases, one case died of severe hemorrhagic shock, and the remaining 41 cases (97.6%) were cured (including 40 cases receiving surgical operation and one case receiving the conservative treatment). Postoperative complications occurred in 16 cases (21 cases/times): pancreatic fistula (5 cases/times) and incisional wound infection (5 cases/times), intra-abdominal infection (3 cases/times), stress ulcer (3 cases/times), pleural effusion (3 cases/times), pulmonary infection (one case) and wound dehiscence (1 case). The principle therapy of multiple injuries with pancreatic injury is to rescue life, followed by active treatment to prevent injuries which giving rise to the abnormal respiratory and circulatory functions, management of cerebral hernia and other injuries which endangers life at last, and the pancreatic injury to increase the survival rate and survival quality.

Tratamento não operatório do trauma de vísceras abdominais parenquimatosas / Nonoperative treatment of the solid abdominal organ injuries

O tratamento não operatório das lesões de órgãos parenquimatosos abdominais(fígado, baço e rins) em pacientes com estabilidade hemodinâmica tem se tornado o método de escolha na última década. A TC é indispensável para a adequada seleção do paciente e para excluir outras lesões que podem necessitar de laparotomia. As estratégias de tratamento não operatório consistem da observação clínica e monitorização cuidadosa com ou sem o uso adjunto da angiografia. A utilização disseminada de embolização angiográfica tem aumentado o número e o tipo de pacientes que podem ser tratados sem cirurgia. O aumento desta modalidadede tratamento não operatório é baseado nas baixas taxas de falha terapêutica relatado na maioria dos estudos. As taxas de sucesso do tratamento não operatório é maior de 90% para estas lesões. Este artigo de revisão discutirá os conceitos atuais no manuseio não operatório ,incluindo o diagnóstico, a seleção dos pacientes, as estratégias utilizadas no tratamento não operatório, os benefícios, os riscos e as complicações.

Nonoperative management of the solid organ injuries (liver, spleen and kidneys) in hemodynamically patients has become the standard of care in the last decade. Computed tomography scan is invaluable in determining appropriate patient selection and to exclude other injuries that may necessitate laparotomy. Nonoperative management strategies primarily consistof careful observation with or without the use of adjunctive angiography. The widespread use ofangiographic embolization has increased the number and type of patients that can be safety managed without operative intervention. The increasing use of nonoperative management is based on the low failure rates reported in most studies. Success rates of nonoperative treatment have increase to > 90% for these injuries. Practitioners must remain vigilant, however, because failures of nonoperative management may need immediate intervention. This review will discuss current concepts in nonoperative management, including diagnosis, patient selection, nonoperative treatment strategies, benefits, risks, and complications.